Quantitative Research by Example

Contents

1. About this book
2. 1. Foreword

Planning a Study

1. 2. A Few Words About Causality
2. 3. Variance and Error
3. 4. Design
   Sections

   1. 4.1 Occam’s Razor
   2. 4.2 Experimental Versus Non-Experimental Research
   3. 4.3 Between-Subjects vs. Within-Subjects Designs
   4. 4.4 Variables
   5. 4.5 Descriptive vs. Inferential Designs
   6. 4.6 Research Questions
   7. 4.7 Hypotheses
   8. 4.8 Hypothesis Testing
   9. 4.9 The p-Value Controversy
   10. 4.10 How to Choose the Appropriate Statistical Test
4. 5. Effect Size and Power
   Sections

   1. 5.1 Relative Treatment Magnitude
   2. 5.2 Standardized Effect Size
   3. 5.3 Controlling Type I and Type II Errors
   4. 5.4 Controlling Power Through Sample Size
   5. 5.5 Practical Advice on Sample Size
5. 6. Sample Size
   Sections

   1. 6.1 Factors Affecting the Size of the Sample
   2. 6.2 Methods of Determining the Sample Size

Describing and Preparing Data

1. 7. Describing Data
   Sections

   1. 7.1 The Study
   2. 7.2 Frequencies
   3. 7.3 Central Tendency
   4. 7.4 Variability
   5. 7.5 Visualizing Data
   6. 7.6 Describing Groups
   7. 7.7 Reporting the Results
   8. 7.8 Summary
2. 8. Assumptions and Outliers
   Sections

   1. 8.1 Normality
   2. 8.2 Tests of Normality
   3. 8.3 Homogeneity of Variances or Homoscedasticity
   4. 8.4 Outliers
3. 9. Normalization, Standardization, and Data Transformation
   Sections

   1. 9.1 Scaling/Rescaling
   2. 9.2 Distribution Normalization
   3. 9.3 Summary

Comparing Groups

1. 10. t-Tests and Their Rank-Based Alternatives
   Sections

   1. 10.1 The One-Sample z Test
   2. 10.2 One-Sample t-Test
   3. 10.3 The One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
   4. 10.4 Independent Samples t-Test
   5. 10.5 The Mann-Whitney U Test
   6. 10.6 Mood’s Median Test
   7. 10.7 Paired Samples t-Test
   8. 10.8 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
   9. 10.9 The Sign Test
2. 11. Equivalence Testing
   Sections

   1. 11.1 The Theory
   2. 11.2 Assumptions
   3. 11.3 The Study
   4. 11.4 The Whole Clip
   5. 11.5 Second by Second
   6. 11.6 Summary
3. 12. ANOVA: Analysis of Variance
   Sections

   1. 12.1 Why Not Several t-Tests?
   2. 12.2 The Theory
   3. 12.3 Assumptions
   4. 12.4 The Study
   5. 12.5 Following Up a Significant F
   6. 12.6 When the Variances Are Not Equal: Welch’s ANOVA
   7. 12.7 The Kruskal-Wallis Test
   8. 12.8 Reporting the Results
   9. 12.9 Summary
4. 13. Factorial ANOVA and Interactions
   Sections

   1. 13.1 Main Effects and Interactions
   2. 13.2 The Theory
   3. 13.3 Assumptions
   4. 13.4 The Study
   5. 13.5 Interactions in Regression
   6. 13.6 Summary
5. 14. ANCOVA: Analysis of Covariance
   Sections

   1. 14.1 The Theory
   2. 14.2 Assumptions
   3. 14.3 The Study
   4. 14.4 Summary
6. 15. MANOVA: Multiple Analysis of Variance
   Sections

   1. 15.1 Outliers
   2. 15.2 Assumptions
   3. 15.3 The MANOVA Test

Repeated Measures

1. 16. Repeated-Measures ANOVA
   Sections

   1. 16.1 The Theory
   2. 16.2 Assumptions
   3. 16.3 The Study
   4. 16.4 The Friedman Test
   5. 16.5 Cochran’s Q Test
   6. 16.6 The Multilevel Approach
   7. 16.7 Summary
2. 17. Mixed Designs
   Sections

   1. 17.1 The Theory
   2. 17.2 Assumptions
   3. 17.3 The Study
   4. 17.4 The Multilevel Approach
   5. 17.5 Summary

Relationships Between Variables

1. 18. Correlations
   Sections

   1. 18.1 From Covariance to Correlation
   2. 18.2 Pearson Correlations Test
   3. 18.3 Spearman Correlations Test
   4. 18.4 Kendall Correlations Test
   5. 18.5 Partial and Semi-Partial Correlations
   6. 18.6 Point-Biserial and Biserial Correlations
   7. 18.7 Bootstrapped Confidence Intervals
   8. 18.8 Reporting Correlations
   9. 18.9 Summary
2. 19. Chi-Square Test
   Sections

   1. 19.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test
   2. 19.2 The Binomial Test
   3. 19.3 Test of Independence
   4. 19.4 When the Expected Counts Are Too Small
   5. 19.5 Fisher’s Exact Test
   6. 19.6 Simulated p-Values and Combining Categories
   7. 19.7 McNemar’s Test
   8. 19.8 Summary
3. 20. Simple Linear Regression
   Sections

   1. 20.1 The Theory
   2. 20.2 Assumptions
   3. 20.3 The Study
   4. 20.4 Summary
4. 21. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
   Sections

   1. 21.1 Assumptions
   2. 21.2 The Study
   3. 21.3 Preliminary Steps
   4. 21.4 Summary Statistics
   5. 21.5 Unusual Cases: Discrepancy, Leverage, and Influence
   6. 21.6 Residuals Analysis
   7. 21.7 Linearity
   8. 21.8 Enter or Full Model
   9. 21.9 Hierarchical Regression
   10. 21.10 Backward Model
   11. 21.11 Summary
5. 22. Categorical Predictors
   Sections

   1. 22.1 Coding Schemes
   2. 22.2 The Study
   3. 22.3 A Predictor With Two Categories
   4. 22.4 A Predictor With Three Categories
   5. 22.5 Categorical and Continuous Predictors Together
   6. 22.6 Summary
6. 23. Multiple Logistic Regression
   Sections

   1. 23.1 The Study
   2. 23.2 Assumptions
   3. 23.3 Analysis
   4. 23.4 Model Fit and Model Comparison
   5. 23.5 Additional Analysis - TL/DR
7. 24. Mediation Analysis
   Sections

   1. 24.1 The Theory
   2. 24.2 Assumptions
   3. 24.3 The Study
   4. 24.4 Summary
8. 25. Path Analysis
   Sections

   1. 25.1 The Theory
   2. 25.2 Assumptions
   3. 25.3 The Study
   4. 25.4 Summary

1. References